Web Development: code, ship & scale

Free converters and in-depth articles — HTML & CSS, TypeScript, React, APIs, performance, DevOps, accessibility, AI coding, app builders and AI APIs.

Web Development articles

Performance & SEO

How to Improve INP and Fix Slow User Interactions

Find what delays clicks, taps, and typing with a practical INP workflow covering field data, browser traces, long tasks, rendering, and regression testing.

Inside this article

Understand what INP actually measures
Collect field evidence before profiling
Separate waiting, handlers, and rendering
Fix the interaction, not just the metric

Marcus BellRead the article

Backend & APIs

Serverless vs Edge Functions: Cold Starts and Limits

Choose between regional serverless functions, edge runtimes, and persistent services by measuring cold starts, database distance, execution limits, and failure behavior.

Chidi Nwosu

Backend & APIs

REST vs GraphQL vs tRPC: Choosing an API Style

Compare REST, GraphQL, and tRPC through client needs, caching, security, and deployment constraints, then validate your choice with a production-shaped prototype.

Chidi Nwosu

Backend & APIs

REST API Error Handling: Status Codes and Problem Details

Design consistent REST API errors using HTTP status codes and Problem Details, with validation fields, safe diagnostics, and tests that keep clients predictable.

Chidi Nwosu

JavaScript & Frameworks

React Error Boundary and Suspense for Resilient UIs

Design React loading and failure states that preserve useful content, isolate broken widgets, and offer reliable recovery without turning every render into a full-page spinner.

Inside this article

Start with independent regions
Distinguish pending work from errors
Compose boundaries around meaningful content
Preserve continuity while loading

Daniel KimRead the article

JavaScript & Frameworks

Astro vs Next.js for Content-Heavy Sites

Compare Astro and Next.js through publishing workflows, interactive features, preview requirements, and deployment constraints before committing your content site to either framework.

Sofia Marchetti

JavaScript & Frameworks

useEffect Cleanup and Dependencies: Fix Loops in React

Learn when React effects are necessary, how dependency arrays work, and how to prevent stale closures, duplicate subscriptions, and runaway render loops.

Sofia Marchetti

JavaScript & Frameworks

JavaScript Array Methods: map, filter, reduce Explained

Choose array methods by intent, avoid shared-reference bugs, and use toSorted and toSpliced to transform collections without mutating their original order.

Daniel Kim

JavaScript & Frameworks

ES Modules vs CommonJS: Choosing and Migrating

Understand how ES modules and CommonJS load code, resolve files, and share exports. Use a practical migration checklist to avoid Node.js and TypeScript integration traps.

Inside this article

Establish the module boundary first
Understand exports, bindings, and execution
Make Node's file classification explicit
Cross the interoperability boundary deliberately

Sofia MarchettiRead the article

JavaScript & Frameworks

TypeScript Discriminated Unions for UI State

Replace fragile boolean flags with discriminated unions, exhaustive switches, and explicit transitions that make loading, success, and failure states easier to maintain.

Daniel Kim

HTML & CSS

Responsive Spacing in CSS With clamp(), min() and max()

Build fluid gutters, section padding, and component gaps with CSS math functions, then test the boundaries without replacing every breakpoint with viewport units.

Jonah Weiss

HTML & CSS

CSS Container Queries Tutorial: Components That Adapt

Build reusable components with CSS container queries, named containers, and reliable fallbacks. Learn where containment belongs and how to avoid sizing traps.

Marcus Bell

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